Semiotics is where signs are used to stand for something other than what it is. For example, the colour green can represent envy or greed.
There are two main theories in Semiotics, "de Saussure's Dyadic Semiotic System, where there is the "Signifier" and a "Signified". The "Signifier" is what is seen and the "Signified" is what is implied or meant. The other is Pierce's Tryadic Semiotic System, here he describes different types of signs. Indexes (Signs) are connected to the meaning, (For example, a photograph or picture). Icons are related to the object in some way. Symbols are totally arbitrary (not connected to the indexes), and do not mean anything.
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